EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

Eur. J. Entomol. 121: 435-442, 2024 | DOI: 10.14411/eje.2024.047

Phylogenomics of palynophagous pine cone weevils (Coleoptera: Cimberididae) recovers the monophyly of Cimberidini and Doydirhynchini and reveals the paraphyly of CimberisOriginal article

Duane D. MCKENNA ORCID...^{1, 2, *}, Brian D. FARRELL ORCID...³, Adriana E. MARVALDI ORCID...⁴, Rolf G. OBERPRIELER ORCID...⁵, Xuankun LI ORCID...^{1, 2, 6, *}

^{1, 2} Department of Biological Sciences (1) and Center for Biodiversity Research (2), University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; e-mail: dmckenna@memphis.edu

³ Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; e-mail: bfarrell@fasmail.harvard.edu

⁴ CONICET, División Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; e-mail: marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar

⁵ CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; e-mail: ausweevil@gmail.com

⁶ Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; e-mail: xli8@memphis.edu

The beetle family Cimberididae (pine cone weevils) consists of one extant subfamily, Cimberidinae, and two tribes, Cimberidini and Doydirhynchini, both limited in distribution to the Northern Hemisphere. Cimberidini comprise the genera Acromacer Kuschel, Cimberis Gozis and Pityomacer Kuschel and Doydirhynchini the genera Doydirhynchus Dejean and Lecontellus Kuschel. The larvae and adults of all known extant Cimberididae are palynophagous (pollen-feeding) in the male strobili of conifers of the genus Pinus (L.) (Pinaceae). We reconstructed the phylogeny of Cimberididae using data from 420 nuclear genes obtained via anchored hybrid enrichment. Our taxon sample included six species representing all described extant genera of Cimberididae except Pityomacer, which was unavailable for study. Most relationships in the resulting maximum-likelihood trees based on nucleotide and amino-acid sequence data were recovered with maximal bootstrap support. Both trees showed a monophyletic family Cimberididae, containing two clades corresponding to the tribes Cimberidini and Doydirhynchini. In Cimberidini, Cimberis was rendered paraphyletic by Acromacer bombifrons (LeConte). Notably, the internal and terminal branches of Cimberidini were very short compared to other parts of the tree. Generic relationships are discussed according to the phylogenetic results. To make the genus Cimberis monophyletic, we synonymize the names Cimberis Gozis, 1881 and Acromacer Kuschel, 1989 (syn. n.) and re-establish the combination Cimberis bombifrons (LeConte, 1876), proposed by Kuschel (1959). This study provides the first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the palynophagous weevil family Cimberididae.

Keywords: Classification, new synonymy, Acromacer, Doydirhynchus, Lecontellus, Pityomacer, palynophagy, Pinus

Received: April 26, 2024; Revised: October 16, 2024; Accepted: October 16, 2024; Published online: December 5, 2024  Show citation