Eur. J. Entomol. 117: 101-109, 2020 | DOI: 10.14411/eje.2020.011

Volatile production differs between oak leaves infested by leaf-miner Phyllonorycter harrisella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and galler Neuroterus quercusbaccarum (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)Original article

Fabian S. KLIMM1, Alexander WEINHOLD2,3, Martin VOLF3,4
1 Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany; e-mail: fabian.simon.klimm@uni-jena.de
2 Institute of Biodiversity, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Saxony, Germany; e-mails: alexander.weinhold@idiv.de, martin.volf@idiv.de
4 Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; e-mail: volf@entu.cas.cz

Plants defend themselves by producing various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have direct and indirect effects on insect herbivores. Their production is often specific to the plant and herbivore species involved, with some herbivores being able to manipulate their production. Here, we used passive volatile sampling using polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) tubing to compare VOCs produced by control, mined and galled oak leaves in the field. Leaves mined by a microlepidopteran leaf-miner (Phyllonorycter harrisella) produced a lower amount of two sesquiterpenes and an increased amount of eucalyptol. In contrast, leaves galled by the gall wasp (Neuroterus quercusbaccarum) did not produce a lower amount of any of the VOC measured when compared to the control. They produced a higher amount of farnesene, β-bourbonene and eucalyptol. Some of these VOC are known for their anti-herbivore function. In a second experiment, we treated the experimental leaves with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to determine if leaf-miners or gallers reduced the overall inducibility of infested leaves. MeJA induced a sixteen-fold increase in VOC production. However, there was no difference in VOC production of control, mined and galled leaves treated with MeJA. Our results show that up- and down-regulation of VOCs can vary among leaves infested by different herbivores. More experiments are needed to determine if this is due to manipulation by the herbivores themselves or due to a defensive response of the plant.

Keywords: Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllonorycter harrisella, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Neuroterus quercusbaccarum, volatile organic compounds, indirect defence, methyl jasmonate, host manipulation, mine, gall, herbivory, oak, sesquiterpenes, farnesene, eucalyptol, β-bourbonene

Received: June 19, 2019; Revised: February 4, 2020; Accepted: February 4, 2020; Published online: February 24, 2020  Show citation

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KLIMM, F.S., WEINHOLD, A., & VOLF, M. (2020). Volatile production differs between oak leaves infested by leaf-miner Phyllonorycter harrisella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and galler Neuroterus quercusbaccarum (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). EJE, 117, Article 101-109. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2020.011
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